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GitHub / 0x7df / naivebayes
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Language: Python
Repo Size: 258 KB
Dependencies:
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Created: almost 9 years ago
Updated: about 1 year ago
Last pushed: almost 9 years ago
Last synced: about 1 year ago
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Dependencies
- 1. *
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- 1.5mhasbeenchosen.Thesteelreflectormaterial *
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- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS *
- Abstract *
- AdvancedGasReactorswhichutiliseasinglecavityprestressedconcretepressurevesseltohousethecore *
- Allcasesexhibitacceptablebehaviourwith *
- Allofthegascooledcoreconfigurationshave *
- Allofthepinsinthetargetsub-assembliescontain *
- Am241 *
- AmericiumContent *
- Anadditionalfeatureofagaseouscoolant ,intermsof
- Anevaluationhasbeenundertakentoinvestigate *
- Anevaluationofminoractinidetransmutation *
- Asexpected ,thecoolantvoidreactivity
- Asignificantconcernwiththeutilisationof *
- Asignificantconstraintexistsintheoperationof *
- Asobservedpreviously ,thereisasignificant
- Asthecoreheightisnotconstrainedby *
- Astudyofheterogeneousminoractinide *
- Asummaryofthemaincoreperformanceand *
- Breeding *
- BreedingGain *
- BurningGasCooledFastReactorCoreDesign *
- CAPRAHighBurn-upCorewithTargetSubAssemblies *
- Case1 *
- Case1correspondstoplutoniumfueloriginating *
- Case2 *
- Case2istheresultoftwicerecyclingtheCase1outputin *
- Case3 *
- CodesforReactorPhysicsCalculations *
- Consistentflux ,isotopiccompositionsand
- Consumption *
- ConsumptionCore *
- CoolantVoidReactivity *
- CooledFastReactors *
- CooledReactor *
- CycleLength *
- DopplerConstant *
- E-mail *
- Equivalentresultsforthereferenceplutonium *
- EuropeanCAPRA *
- EuropeanFastReactor. *
- Ex-Core *
- Ex-core *
- Fascimile *
- FlexibilityoftheGasCooledFastReactortoMeettheRequirementsofthe21stCentury *
- Forconventionalapplications ,suchasthe
- Foreachoptionofminoractiniderecycling ,core
- Forhomogeneousminoractiniderecyclingboth *
- Fuel *
- FuelPelletCentralHoleDiameter *
- FuelPelletOuterDiameter *
- FuelPinCladInnerDiameter *
- FuelPinOuterDiameter *
- Furthermore ,highlevelsofmassdestruction,in
- GasCooledFastReactorCoreDesign *
- H.MBeaumont ,R.ESunderlandandD.P.Every,
- Heterogeneous *
- HeterogeneousRecycling *
- Homogeneous *
- HomogeneousRecycling *
- However ,thisisbalancedbyalowplutonium
- I.INTRODUCTION *
- II.A.PlutoniumBurning *
- II.B.PlutoniumSustainability *
- II.C.PlutoniumBreeding *
- II.COREDESIGN *
- III.NEUTRONICSMETHODS *
- IV.PLUTONIUMMANAGEMENT *
- IX. *
- In-Core *
- Incommonwithcomparablesodiumcooledcore *
- Inordertoassessthecapabilityofthegascooled *
- Inordertodeterminethescopeforplutonium *
- Inrecentyearstherehasbeenincreasedinterest *
- Inthereferenceplutoniumconsumptioncore *
- Itcanbenotedthatthiscoredesigncontains60diluent *
- J.Y.Doriath ,E.Kiefhaber,andJ.M.Rieunier,
- Karlsruhe ,Germany
- LowerAxialBreederBlanket *
- MWthwithaloadfactorof80 *
- MathematicalMethodsandSuperComputing ,
- MinorActinideConsumption *
- MinorActinideRecycling *
- NeptuniumContent *
- NumberofBreederSub-Assemblies *
- NumberofCycles *
- NumberofDiluentSub-Assemblies *
- NumberofFuelledSub-Assemblies *
- NumberofInnerCoreSub-Assemblies *
- NumberofOuterCoreSub-Assemblies *
- NumberofPinsperSub-Assembly *
- NumberofSub-Assemblies *
- NumberofTargetSub-Assemblies *
- Onepossibilityistosmearasmallamountofminor *
- Optionsfortheintroductionofminoractinidesin *
- Parameter *
- PeakCladDamage *
- PeakCladdamage *
- PeakLinearRating *
- PeakLinearrating *
- PeakPinBurnup *
- Plutonium *
- PlutoniumConsumption *
- PlutoniumEnrichment *
- PlutoniumManagement *
- PlutoniumSustainability *
- ProceedingsofInternationalConferenceon *
- PromptNeutronLifetime *
- Pu238 *
- Pu239 *
- Pu240 *
- Pu241 *
- Pu242 *
- REFERENCES *
- ReactivityLossOverCycle *
- Reactor ,appearadequateasthenecessaryshutdown
- ReactorCoreDesign *
- Reactors ,hasledtotheinvestigationofcarbondioxide
- Reactortechnologybutincorporatingcoredesign *
- ReferencePlutonium *
- SercoAssurance *
- Studieshaveshownthatafeasibledesignforareactor *
- Sub-AssemblyPitch *
- Sustainability *
- SustainabilityGasCooledFastReactorCoreDesign *
- TDNewtonandPJSmith *
- TableI *
- TableII *
- TableIII *
- TableIII. *
- TableIV *
- TableIX *
- TableV *
- TableVI *
- TableVII *
- TableVIII *
- TableX *
- Technology *
- Telephone *
- Thebasisofthepresentworkisthe *
- Thebreedersub-assemblydimensionswere *
- Thecontrolrodinsertionsatstartofcycleandmiddleof *
- Thedistributionandcharacteristicsofthecontrol *
- Thefeasibilityofagascooledfastreactorfor *
- Theheavyatomburnupinthetargetsislimited *
- Theintroductionofamoderatingmaterialwithin *
- Thenegligiblevoidcoefficientinthegascooled *
- Theperformanceresultsobtainedforthe *
- Thereactivitylossoveracycleisalsoconsiderably *
- ThereisasignificantreductionintheDoppler *
- Theremainingcoreperformanceparametersfor *
- Theresultsforheterogeneousminoractinide *
- Theresultsfortheminoractiniderecycling *
- Theresultsobtainedforallthreeoptionsofthis *
- Theseadvantages ,combinedwiththeextensive
- Theseresultsdemonstratethesignificant *
- Thestronganisotropyofthestreamingistaken *
- Thestudydiscussedinthissectionofthepaperis *
- Thetargetmaterialisamixedamericiumandcurium *
- Thetargetsub-assemblydesignisbasedonthatofthe *
- Thisgascooledfastreactorcoredesignhasbeen *
- Thishasbeenachievedbytheintroductionofdilutionin *
- Thisiscomparedwiththealternativeoptionof *
- Thispaperreviewsthemaingascooledfast *
- ThisworkwassponsoredbyBNFLaspartofthe *
- Todemonstratethecapabilityofthegascooled *
- Toreducetheminoractinidecontentinlong *
- Total *
- UKexperiencegainedinthesuccessfuldesignand *
- UpperAxialBreederBlanket *
- V.A.EquilibriumMinorActinideTransmutation *
- V.B..OptimisedMinorActinideTransmutation *
- V.MINORACTINIDETRANSMUTATION *
- VI.FLEXIBILITY *
- VII.CONCLUSIONS *
- Value *
- Volume10 ,Number1,Page1
- W.B.KEMMISH ,M.V.QuickandI.L.Hurst,
- WaterIngressReactivity *
- Wholecorefluxanddepletioncalculationshave *
- Winfrith ,Dorset,England,DT28ZE
- WrapperInside *
- Wyoming ,U.S.A
- a10 *
- achievablewithintheconstraintsimposedbyexistingfast *
- achievedwithinpoisonedmoderatedtargetswithout *
- acknowledged. *
- actinidesfromapartitionedwastestreamofauranium *
- actinideshomogeneouslyinthemixedoxidefuelledpins. *
- adequatethermalhydraulicperformance. *
- adjacenttothecorefuel ,andtheoutershieldingsubassemblies,areascurrentlyassumedincomparable
- afastreactorcoreincludetheirintroduction *
- affordedbythisgascooledfastreactorcoredesign.Itis *
- alongwiththeERALIB1nuclearcrosssectiondata *
- alongwiththoseproducedwithinthegascooledcore *
- alsoprovidedtodemonstratethepotentialofthisgascooledfastreactorconceptforminoractinide *
- americiumdispersedinamatrixofinertmaterial *
- amountsofminoractinidesinthemixedoxidefuelledpins.Thisiscomparedwiththealternativeoptionof *
- and10 *
- and9secondaryshutoffrods.Thesedesignfeaturesare *
- andconsequentlyhastheflexibilitytomeettheneedsof *
- andisintendedtorepresentthesituationafterthelong *
- andoutercorepeakratingsandacalculatedendofcycle *
- andthatthereforethecorebreedinggainshouldbeclose *
- applied. *
- approximately *
- areintroducedinthecorefuel.Asthecoolantvoid *
- associatedwithsodiumcooledfastreactorcoreswhere *
- asthegascooledfastreactor ,theseconventional
- atitslowest. *
- atomburnupapproaching90 *
- atomconcentrationsovertheresidencetimeofthefuel *
- attainingapeakcladdamageoverthelifetimeofthefuel *
- atthestartandendofeachequilibriumcycle.Asummary *
- averagedoverallequilibriumcycles ,isgiveninTableVI.
- basedontheplutoniumconsumptiongascooledfast *
- beenadjustedineachcasetoachieveanequilibrium *
- beenadjustedtomaintainthesamevalueforthecore *
- beendeterminedfromthepercentagechangeinheavy *
- beeninvestigated2.Therearetwomainoptionsfor *
- beenmodelledneutronicallyusingtheEuropeanfast *
- beenmodelledwithareducedB10contenttoallowforthe *
- behaviour. *
- benign ,readilyavailablegaseouscoolantwhichis
- beusedwithinthetargettoreducethispowerpeaking *
- breederfuelwasassumedforthebreederpins ,with
- burningoptionareshowninTable1. *
- burnupof88.5 *
- burnupsinthecoresareclosetothedesignvalueof20 *
- burnupwhileretainingtheexistinglimitonthefuelclad *
- bymasstoremainwithincurrentreprocessingexperience *
- byneutroncapture.Transmutationbyfissionofthelong *
- bytheirresidencetime ,whichisinturnrestrictedbythe
- canbeavoidedinthegascooledfastreactor. *
- cladinternalradiusof3.2mm.Thetargetalsocontainsa *
- closetounity.Thecoreperformanceandsafety *
- coefficientastheaccumulationofhigherplutoniumand *
- coefficientforthegascooledfastreactor ,at
- coefficientingascooledcores ,comparedtosodium
- coefficientremainssmallandpositiveinmagnitudethe *
- combiningexistingUKgasreactorexperiencewith *
- commontoallofthecoreconfigurationsconsidered *
- comparestoasimilarvalueof8.3kg *
- comparisonpurposes. *
- comparisonwiththeplutoniumburningoption.Thefeed *
- compatiblewithbothairandwater ,comparedtosodium
- competitivenessandefficiency ,lowconstructionandoperatingcosts,inherentsafetycharacteristicsandlow
- conceptarepresented ,comparedanddiscussed.These
- condensedandhomogenisedintherequiredbroadgroup *
- configurationcapableofhighratesofplutoniumconsumption ,aconfigurationwithanegligiblebreeding
- configurationhavebeenchosentogivebalancedinner *
- configurationwithanegligiblebreedinggainaimedat *
- confirmsthesignificantsafetyadvantageofthegas *
- considered. *
- consideredduringthecourseofthiswork ,concentrating
- consistentwithequivalentvaluesobtainedforthe *
- constantfortheminoractiniderecyclingcoreoptionsdue *
- constraintsimposedbyconventionaltechnology. *
- consume ,norproduce,significantamountsofplutonium,
- consumption ,inexcessof50kg
- consumption. *
- consumptioncoredesign.Again ,thisisduetothe
- consumptioncoredesignarealsoprovidedfor *
- consumptionofamericiumandneptuniumrelativetothe *
- consumptionrateof10.1kg *
- consumptionrateof30.6kg *
- consumptionratesaresuchthatanequilibrium *
- consumptionrelativetoplutonium.Itisassumedthat *
- consumptionwherethecontributionfromU238captureis *
- contains312targetpinsand157pinscontaininga *
- contentduetotheadditionalplutoniumproducedbythe *
- contentfuelcanonlybeachievedbyasignificant *
- controlrodreactivityworthissufficienttocoverthe *
- coolantvoidcoefficientremainsanegligibleeffectthe *
- cooledcorecomparedtoliquidmetalcooledcores.A *
- cooledcoredesignsandcomprise24primarycontrolrods *
- cooledfastreactor.Nosignificantmodificationstothe *
- cooledfastreactorconceptsbasedonAdvancedGas *
- cooledfastreactordesignstowardfuelutilisationandfuelcyclemanagement. *
- cooledfastreactordesignstowardfuturefuelandfuel *
- cooledfastreactoriscapableofsatisfyingthewiderange *
- cooledsystems ,allowstheloadingofafargreater
- core. *
- coredesignarerequiredtoaccommodateawiderangeof *
- coredesignaxialbreederregionsof35cmand25cm *
- coredesignforhighlevelsofplutoniumburninghasbeen *
- coredesigniscapableofsafeoperationwithawiderange *
- corefuel.Thisindicatesthatatargetsub-assembly *
- corefuelsub-assemblies.However ,aburnablepoisoncan
- coreinletandmixedmeancoreoutlettemperatureof252 *
- coreperformanceandsafetyparameters ,averagedoverall
- correctly. *
- criticalandsub-criticalsub-assembly. *
- curiumhasbeenpartitionedandstored.Themaincore *
- currentfastreactordesignobjectivescanbeachieved *
- cycle ,middleofcycleandendofcycleconditions.
- cyclearethenadjustedtoobtaincorereactivityvalues *
- cyclelengthshavebeendeterminedbythecriterionof *
- cycleutilisation. *
- degradedplutoniumfuelswillbelesssevere.Toevaluate *
- demonstratedbytheevaluationofawiderangeofpossiblefuturescenarios.Theseincludeacore *
- demonstrationofafeasibledesignforagascooledfast *
- depleteduraniumcontaining0.25 *
- design.Furthermore ,thisdegreeofflexibilityis
- design52.4kg *
- designs ,thegascooledcorehasathermaloutputof3600
- designtechnology. *
- detailedmodellingoftheindividualfuelbatches.Thefuel *
- differentqualitiesofplutoniumcompositionillustratethe *
- diffusioncoefficientasthebucklingandthecrosssection *
- duringthecourseofthiswork. *
- eachcoreconfigurationstudied.Thecontrolrodshave *
- eachequilibriumcycle.Asummaryofthemaincore *
- eachfinegrouptoprovideanaccuratedescriptionofthe *
- economicandtechnicalbenefitstobegainedfromusinga *
- effectasthelargecapturecrosssectionatlowenergy *
- effectivemanagementofplutoniumandminoractinide *
- effectivethansodiumasaheattransfermediumandsoa *
- effectwithinthecorefuelsub-assembliesofnomorethan *
- eitherinsidethetargetorinimmediatelyneighbouring *
- endofeachequilibriumcycle.Asummaryofthemain *
- energygroups. *
- enrichmentisnecessarywiththedegradationinthe *
- environmentfortransmutation. *
- equilibriumcoreburnupstatehavebeenproducedusing *
- equilibriumcycles ,isgiveninTableXbelow.
- equilibriumcycles ,isgiveninTableIV.
- equilibriumhasbeenachievedwiththerestofthereactor *
- equivalencebetweenthelimitingbehaviourofthe *
- equivalentbucklingdependentcrosssections.Inthisway *
- established.Foreachcoredesignperformanceandsafety *
- europiumoxideburnablepoisonlocatedinalayerof4 *
- evaluatedtoexploreitspotentialandflexibilityforthe *
- ex-coretargetsrespectively.Thiscorrespondstoapeak *
- excessivepowerpeakinginthecore.Amassdestruction *
- excessof80 *
- existingfastreactorfueltechnology ,haveresultedina
- exposure. *
- externalradiusof3mmwithacladthicknessof0.5mm. *
- extrapolationbeyondpresentdaytechnologyandexhibits *
- fastreactorcoredesignforplutoniumbreedinghasbeen *
- fastreactorensuresthattheconsequencesofusing *
- fastreactorforplutoniummanagementthreecoredesigns *
- fastreactortosatisfythewiderangeoffuelcycle *
- faultconditionofparticularconcerninagascooledfast *
- feasiblyundertakeninagascooledfastreactorwithinthe *
- fertilepinsperbreedersub-assemblywasthesameasfor *
- fissileplutoniumcontent.Allofthemainperformance *
- fleet.Foreachplutoniumfuelcoreperformanceand *
- flexibilitywithrespecttoplutoniummanagementthatis *
- forminoractiniderecyclingareshowninTableVII. *
- formulationsareinsufficient.Henceadditionalmethods *
- forplutoniumbreeding.Thepotentialofagascooledfast *
- fromaoncethroughirradiationofuraniumoxidefuel. *
- fuelistheresultofasinglerecycleofuraniumoxidefuel *
- fuelledcoredesigns.Therearesignificantsafety ,
- fuelpins.Thegascooledcoredesigninvolveslittle *
- fuelsub-assemblieswitheachtargetcontaining169pins. *
- fuelsustainabilityhasalsobeeninvestigated.Tosustain *
- gainaimedatsustainability ,andacoredesignthathasbeenoptimisedforplutoniumbreeding.Evidenceis
- gascooledfastreactorcoredesign.Tofullyinvestigate *
- gascooledfastreactorcoredesignillustratetheviability *
- gascooledfastreactorcoreshavebeenconsidered *
- giveninTableVIII. *
- handlinganddisposal.Thenegligiblecoolantvoid *
- hasalsobeenperformedontheplutoniumsustainibility *
- hasbeenassessedtoensuresatisfactorycoolingofthe *
- hasrecentlyseenrenewedinterestowingtoitsflexibilityforplutoniumandminoractinidemanagementand *
- havebeensatisfiedinallcases. *
- havebeenusedtotreatthesespecificcharacteristics *
- heavyatoms.Thepeakburnupintheheterogeneous *
- heavyatomsinallcases.Thepeaklinearratings ,delayed
- heterogeneouslyinspecialtargetsub-assemblieslocated *
- heterogeneousminoractiniderecyclinginwhichminoractinidesareloadedinspecialtargetsub-assemblies *
- heterogeneousminoractiniderecyclingoptions.The *
- heterogeneousrecyclinginwhichminoractinidesare *
- heterogeneousrecyclingwitheithermoderatedornonmoderatedtargets. *
- homogeneouslyasasmallpercentageofthefuelor *
- homogeneouslyinthecorefuelbutamericiumis *
- homogeneouslyorheterogeneously ,canbefeasibly
- homogenisedcrosssectionshavebeenproducedforeach *
- identicaltothefuelandthedimensionsandthenumberof *
- illustratethefeasibilityofhomogeneousminoractinide *
- in-coreorex-corelocations. *
- inaPWR. *
- inandaroundthecore.Boththeseoptionshavebeen *
- inbothin-coreandex-corelocations.Thetargetdesign *
- includedinthesimplifiedhomogeneouscontrolrod *
- includingaconventionalplutoniumburningdesign ,a
- inclusionofneptuniuminthecorefuelwhichleadstothe *
- increasingtheminoractinidetransmutationrate.Thus ,a
- ingascooledfastreactorsystemsforthemanagementof *
- intendedforplutoniumconsumption ,plutonium
- inthemixedoxidefuel.Inthecaseofheterogeneous *
- intoaccountbytheuseofdirectionalcollision *
- introducedintotargetsub-assemblieslocatedinthefirst *
- investigated.Thebasicdetailsofthecorearesimilarto *
- investigated.Thisoptionisbasedonamixedoxidefuel *
- investigatethepossibilityofburningbothplutoniumand *
- investigationofthecoresafetyparameters ,includingthe
- iscapableofsafeoperationwithawiderangeoffuels ,
- isotopesratherthantotransmutethemtohigheractinides *
- itself.Thisisthenotionofequilibriumintheconsumption *
- itsfavourablesafetycharacteristicscomparedtoliquidmetalcooledfastreactors.Thispaperpresentsthe *
- kg *
- largelyunaffectedbytheintroductionofminoractinides *
- largerpinspacingisrequiredtosatisfythesamedesign *
- levels ,itisintendedthatthisoptionshouldneither
- library3.Broadgroupresonanceselfshieldedcross *
- limitationsimposedbythecoolantvoidcoefficient ,asis
- limitingcriteria ,whichinturnprovidesforareducedfuel
- liquidmetalcooledfastreactorsduetothedegeneration *
- livedminoractinideisotopesrequiresahardneutron *
- livedwasteitisnecessarytofissiontheminoractinide *
- loadedinspecialtargetsub-assemblieslocatedineither *
- locatedineitherin-coreorex-corelocations.Thus ,thisstudydemonstratesthesignificantflexibilityofgas
- longertermfuture. *
- lowerplutoniumcontentandcleanerisotopicqualityin *
- macroscopiccrosssectiondatacorrespondingtoeach *
- maincoreparametersforthebreederoptionareshownin *
- maincoreparametersforthesustainabilityoptionare *
- managementthefeasibilityofagascooledfastreactor *
- marginshavebeensatisfied.TheDopplerconstant ,
- materialinthegascooledfastreactorcorein33neutron *
- maybepossibleifthesamecladdamagelimitsare *
- minimisestocksofseparatedplutoniumandminoractinidewaste.Theconceptofthegascooledfastreactor *
- minoractinideconsumptionrateforthein-coreandexcoremoderatedtargetsis8.5and8.8kg *
- minoractinideconsumptionratefromhomogeneous *
- minoractinideincineration ,isthehardneutronspectrum
- minoractinideisotopes.Inallofthecasesconsideredthe *
- minoractinideisotopescausesthecoolantvoidcoefficient *
- minoractiniderecyclingareshowninTableV. *
- minoractiniderecyclingneptuniumismixed *
- minoractiniderecyclingtheplutoniumconsumptionis *
- minoractinidesenteringthewastestream.Tocompletely *
- minoractinidesinproportionssuchthattheminor *
- mixedamericiumandcuriumoxidefuelhasbeenadded *
- mixedoxidefuelledreactors.Case3correspondstothe *
- mixedoxidefuelpinswithmetalcladdingareincludedin *
- mmthicknesssituatedinsideandadjacenttothetarget *
- moderatormaterialcanbeeffectivelyusedtoextendthe *
- moderatormaterialsisthepossibilityforlocalisedpower *
- modificationstothebasicreactordesign.Itisalsoshown *
- multi-recyclingofCase2fuelinagascooledfastreactor *
- nearandlongertermfuture. *
- nearly9kg *
- negativeforthisgascooledfastreactorcoredesign. *
- neptuniumandamericiumaredispersedhomogeneously *
- neutronfractionandpromptneutronlifetimeare *
- neutronicsperformanceandsafetycharacteristicsforaconventionalmixedoxidefuelledgascooledfast *
- of42bar. *
- offuelcyclescenariosthatmayoccurinthenearand *
- ofmassdestructioninthemoderatedtargetsindicatesthat *
- ofplutoniumandtheminoractinides. *
- ofplutoniumqualityfuels.Thisdemonstratesthatthegas *
- oftheconceptandshownomajordifficultieswithrespect *
- ofthecore.Theneptuniumandamericiumcontenthas *
- ofthecoresafetyparameterswhenpoorqualitydegraded *
- ofthemaincoreperformanceandsafetyparameters ,
- oftheseresults ,aminoractinidecontentofupto10
- ontheHinkleyPointBandHeysham2 *
- onthecorephysicsandsafetyaspectsparticularlyin *
- operationofthecarbondioxidecooledAdvancedGas *
- optionsoftheplutoniumsustainabilitycoredesign *
- ortosustainexistingplutoniumstocks ,withonlyminor
- outercorefeedfuelenrichmentsforeachcore *
- outputtothatofaconventionalcommerciallysized *
- oxideandmixedoxidefuelledreactorfleetareconsumed ,
- oxidelocatedinaninertspinelmatrix.Themoderator *
- parametersfollowsimilarconsistenttrendsandshowno *
- parametersfortheplutoniumburnercoreoptimisedfor *
- parametersfortheplutoniumsustainabilitycoreoptimised *
- parametersfromtheEuropeanFastReactor1.Anumberof *
- parametershavebeencalculatedatthestartandendof *
- parametershavethenbeencalculatedforthestartof *
- partitionedwastestreamhasbeenachieved.Thus ,itis
- peakcladdamage.Amulti-recyclingofthetargetsis *
- peakdamageinthetargetsisonlyhalfthatattainedinthe *
- peaking ,leadingtoexcessivefuelandcladtemperatures,
- performanceandsafetycharacteristicsofeachcore *
- performanceandsafetyparameters ,averagedoverall
- performanceandsafetyparametershavebeendetermined *
- pinsarelargerwithanexternalradiusof3.5mmanda *
- plutoniumandminoractinidestockpiles.Gascooledfast *
- plutoniumbreeding ,ortosustainexistingplutonium
- plutoniumconsumption ,tomoderateplutoniumbreeding,
- plutoniumcontentisconstrainedtobenomorethan45 *
- plutoniumfuelsareutilised.Theworseningofthecore *
- plutoniumisotopics.Asmallincreaseinplutonium *
- plutoniumproductionbytheminoractinideisotopes.The *
- plutoniumqualitytocompensateforthereductioninthe *
- possibleforthegascooledfastreactorcoredesign *
- possibletochangefromhighratesofplutonium *
- presentintheradialbreederpins.Atypicaluraniumoxide *
- probabilities.Forlowdensityregions ,considerationofthe
- productionfromneptuniuminthecorefuel.However ,
- productionofadditionalplutonium.Thecharacteristicsof *
- proliferationrisk.Inthelongertermthereisaneedtoestablishsustainabilityoffuelandtheneedto *
- proposedboilerdesign ,andthelimitationsimposedby
- providesanelectricaloutputof1400MWe.Conventional *
- quality.Thefeedfuelistheresultofuraniumoxideoutput *
- quality.Thisdemonstratesthatthegascooledfastreactor *
- quantityofdegradedplutoniumandminoractinidefuels. *
- rateof76 *
- rating.Thegascooledfastreactordesignconceptisbased *
- reactionthresholdsandresonancesforeachtypeof *
- reactivityattheendofcycle. *
- reactivityclosetounitywithallcontrolrodswithdrawn. *
- reactivityeffectsassociatedwithcoolantvoidingand *
- reactivityismodifiedduetothedifferingcaptureratesof *
- reactorasageneratorofelectricityhavingasimilarpower *
- reactorconceptforminoractinidetransmutationhasalso *
- reactorconceptsandcoredesignsthathavebeen *
- reactordesign.Thecoredesignhasbeenoptimisedto *
- reactorfuelanddesigntechnology.Thus ,itisshownthat
- reactoristhatofwateringressintothecoreduetoleaksin *
- reactorneutronicscodeschemeERANOSVersion1.2 *
- reactorsofferanumberofadvantagesoverliquidmetal *
- reactorthreedifferentplutoniumqualitieshavebeen *
- reactorwithacarbondioxidecoolant.Thesignificantflexibilityofthisconceptforplutoniummanagementis *
- reasonable ,evenforthedesignoptimisedforplutonium
- recyclingcomparesfavourablywiththatobtainedfrom *
- recyclinghasbeenperformedfortheplutonium *
- recyclinginthegascooledfastreactor.Aminoractinide *
- recyclingshowthathighlevelsofmassdestructioncanbe *
- reducedDopplerconstantisstillacceptable.Onthebasis *
- reducedmagnitudeoftheDopplerconstantisacceptable. *
- reducedto46kg *
- reducedwhencomparedtothereferenceplutonium *
- reducesthenumberofthermalisedneutronsthatleakfrom *
- reductionintheDopplerconstantwhenminoractinides *
- reductionofthefuelinventoryforagivencorevolume. *
- regardtocoreperformanceandsafety.Thepeakfuel *
- regionsandstronglyanisotropicneutronstreaming ,such
- removetherequirementformulti-recyclingitisnecessary *
- representationemployedduringthesestudies. *
- requirementsforshutdownallowingfortheassociated *
- requirementsofthe21stcentury.Intheshorttermthemostimportantrequirementsareincreased *
- residencetimeoneandahalftimesthatofthecorefuel *
- respectively.Furthermore ,tworowsofradialbreedersubassemblieswereincludedaroundtheouteredgeofthe
- rods ,extrapolatedfromthoseoftheEuropeanFast
- rowofradialreflectorsub-assembliesaroundthecore. *
- safetyparameters ,averagedoverallequilibriumcycles,is
- safetyparametershavebeendeterminedatthestartand *
- safetyparametersismainlyattributedtothecoolantvoid *
- scenariosthatmayoccurinthe21stcenturyagascooled *
- schemetoprovideeffectivecrosssectionsthatcorrectly *
- sectionshavebeenproducedforeachcorematerialusing *
- showninTableII. *
- shownthattherecyclingofminoractinidescanbe *
- shutoffrodsarethesameasthoseofequivalentsodium *
- significantamountofflexibilityassociatedwiththegas *
- significantdeteriorationwiththechangeinplutonium *
- sodiumcooledcoredesigns.Thecontrolandsecondary *
- sodiumcooledfastreactor ,thecrosssectionsarethen
- sodiumcooledfastreactor.Carbondioxideisless *
- spectrum ,reducesthepeakcladdamagewhilealso
- spectrum.Agascooledfastreactorprovidesasuitable *
- stockpiles.Itispossibletochangefromhighratesof *
- stocks ,withonlysmallmodificationstothebasicreactor
- stronglydecreasedwiththeincreaseinminoractinide *
- stronglydependentonthecoreuraniumcontent ,is
- structure ,steamgeneratorsandgascirculators.The
- structure.However ,forsituationsinvolvinglowdensity
- studieshaveconfirmedthesignificantflexibilityofgas *
- sub-assemblieslocatedininnercorepositionstobalance *
- sub-assemblyhexagonalwrapper.Themaincore *
- sustainability ,andplutoniumbreedinghavebeen
- sustainability ,andacoredesignthathasbeenoptimised
- sustainabilitycoredesignusingmoderatedtargetslocated *
- sustainabilitygascooledcoredesigns ,asshowninTable
- targetinasingleirradiation ,correspondingtoaheavy
- targetresidencetimeandhenceincreasetheheavyatom *
- targetsisabouthalfofthatachievedinthecorefueldue *
- targetsub-assembliesinasingleirradiation.An *
- tendtozerohasresultedinanalternativederivationof *
- termoperationofgascooledfastreactorswherebyan *
- termsofplutoniumandminoractinidemanagement.The *
- thatexistsingascooledcores.Gascooledfastreactors *
- thathasbeentwicerecycledinamixedoxidePWR.The *
- thattherecyclingofminoractinides ,either
- theECCOcellcode.Afinegroupslowingdown *
- thecaseforasodiumcooledfastreactor ,acoreheightof
- thecontrolrodsareadequateandtheshutdownmargins *
- thecore.Thethermalhydraulicperformanceofthiscore *
- theformofemptypinpositionswithinthefuelledsubassemblies.Themaincoreparametersfortheplutonium *
- thefuelsub-assemblies.However ,nocentralholeis
- thegascooledfastreactoriscapableofsatisfyingthe *
- thehomogeneousminoractiniderecyclingcasesare *
- theincreasedflexibilityaffordedbythegascooledfast *
- themanyfuelcyclescenariosthatmayoccurinthefuture. *
- theminoractinideisotopestheplutoniumenrichmenthas *
- thenbeenperformedin3-dimensionaldiffusiontheoryfor *
- thenuclearfuelcycle ,andmaintainfuelstocksatexisting
- thepeakratingsintheinnerandoutercorezones.The *
- theperformanceofagascooledfastreactorcoredesign. *
- thereforeofferconsiderableflexibilityincoredesign. *
- thereforerequiredtoreducetoaminimumthemassof *
- thereisnowasignificantconsumptionofminoractinides ,
- therequirementformulti-recyclingofthetargetmaterial *
- thescopeforhomogeneousminoractiniderecyclinga *
- thesteamgenerators.Itcanbeseentheeffectislargeand *
- thetarget ,andtheconsequentsofteningoftheneutron
- thetargetsub-assemblyintotheneighbouringcorefuel. *
- thevoidreactivityworthcanapproach *
- thicknesswereincludedbelowandabovethecore *
- thoseofthesustainabilityoption.Aspartofthisbreeder *
- timethereisanassociatedmaximumpowerpeaking *
- toachieveaveryhighlevelofmassdestructionwithinthe *
- tobecomeincreasinglymorepositive. *
- tocoreperformanceorsafety.Thepeakpinburnuphas *
- tohaveanetthermalefficiencyof40 *
- totheinclusionofneptuniuminthecorefuel.Asthe *
- tothemixedoxidecorefuel ,withaloadingof3
- tothereducedfluxesatthecoreperiphery.Similarly ,the
- tozero.Thisoptionisbasedonamixedoxidefuelwitha *
- transmutation.Onewayinwhichthiscanbeachievedishomogeneousrecyclingbytheadditionofsmall *
- transmutationinamixedoxidefuelledfastreactorcore. *
- transport ,heterogeneityandmesheffectsthatarenot
- treatmentiscombinedwiththesubgroupmethodwithin *
- treatthespatialheterogeneityofthesub-assembly *
- uncertainties. *
- undertakentoachieveanequilibriumminoractinide *
- usingthePUREXmethod.Theuseofahighplutonium *
- utilisedintheplutoniumconsumptionandplutonium *
- wateringress ,hasshownthatthisgascooledfastreactor
- whichreactsvigorouslywithwaterandrequiresspecialist *
- widerangeoffuelcyclescenariosthatmayoccurinthe *
- withahighplutoniumcontentofdegradedisotopic *
- withcolleaguesintheCAPRA *
- withex-corenon-moderatedtargets.Theveryhighlevel *
- withinthecoreandisclosetothetargetvalueof20 *
- withinthecorecloseto180dpaNRTFe.Theinnerand *
- withinthecorefuel.Thereactivitylossoveracycleis *
- withinthelimitationsofconventionalfastreactorfueland *
- withoutanysignificantimplicationsforthecoresafety *
- zirconiumhydridemoderator.Thetargetpinshavean *