Topic: "actuarial"
casact/chainladder-python
Actuarial reserving in Python
Language: Python - Size: 29.4 MB - Last synced at: about 18 hours ago - Pushed at: about 23 hours ago - Stars: 209 - Forks: 83

lifelib-dev/lifelib
Python package of actuarial models, tools, examples and learning materials.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 31.1 MB - Last synced at: 5 days ago - Pushed at: 4 months ago - Stars: 165 - Forks: 43

jason-ash/pyesg
Economic scenario generator for python: simulate stocks, interest rates, and other stochastic processes.
Language: Python - Size: 684 KB - Last synced at: 8 days ago - Pushed at: about 2 years ago - Stars: 136 - Forks: 34

fumitoh/modelx
Use Python like a spreadsheet!
Language: Python - Size: 4.3 MB - Last synced at: 27 days ago - Pushed at: 3 months ago - Stars: 102 - Forks: 22

genedan/actuarial-foss
A curated list of free and open source actuarial software
Size: 45.9 KB - Last synced at: 8 days ago - Pushed at: 4 months ago - Stars: 84 - Forks: 12

MHaringa/insurancerating
R-package for actuarial pricing
Language: R - Size: 200 MB - Last synced at: 12 days ago - Pushed at: 2 months ago - Stars: 76 - Forks: 19

robjhyndman/demography
demography package for R
Language: R - Size: 15.9 MB - Last synced at: 26 days ago - Pushed at: 8 months ago - Stars: 73 - Forks: 25

spedygiorgio/lifecontingencies
Financial and Actuarial Mathematics for Life Contingencies
Language: R - Size: 29.3 MB - Last synced at: 3 days ago - Pushed at: 9 months ago - Stars: 63 - Forks: 30

OpenActTexts/Loss-Data-Analytics
Loss Data Analytics is an interactive, online, freely available text. It provides core training on one of the foundations of actuarial science, loss data modeling.
Language: JavaScript - Size: 104 MB - Last synced at: 5 days ago - Pushed at: about 2 years ago - Stars: 58 - Forks: 41

mynl/aggregate
Tools for creating and working with aggregate probability distributions.
Language: Python - Size: 71.2 MB - Last synced at: 21 days ago - Pushed at: 21 days ago - Stars: 55 - Forks: 12

validatehealth/actuary
Python code examples to support the Python for Actuaries webinars sponsored by ACTEX Learning
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 6.51 MB - Last synced at: 7 days ago - Pushed at: about 5 years ago - Stars: 54 - Forks: 27

ActuariesInstitute/cookbook
Data and analytics cookbook for actuaries
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 749 MB - Last synced at: 3 days ago - Pushed at: 3 days ago - Stars: 52 - Forks: 21

casact/FASLR
Free Actuarial System for Loss Reserving
Language: Python - Size: 3.05 MB - Last synced at: 17 days ago - Pushed at: 17 days ago - Stars: 39 - Forks: 12

open-source-modelling/insurance_python
All Python algorithms published by Open Source Modelling in one place.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 52.8 MB - Last synced at: 5 days ago - Pushed at: 2 months ago - Stars: 38 - Forks: 5

casact/PCDM
Property Casualty Data Model Specification
Language: Python - Size: 461 KB - Last synced at: 14 days ago - Pushed at: about 3 years ago - Stars: 31 - Forks: 9

genedan/TmVal
Time Value of Money - a Python package for mathematical interest theory, annuity, and bond calculations.
Language: Python - Size: 431 KB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: about 4 years ago - Stars: 31 - Forks: 5

trollefson/elizur
Elizur is a finance library for actuaries, finance professionals, and students
Language: Python - Size: 7.55 MB - Last synced at: 17 days ago - Pushed at: about 2 months ago - Stars: 27 - Forks: 3

genedan/MIES
Miniature Insurance Economic Simulator
Language: Python - Size: 658 KB - Last synced at: 13 days ago - Pushed at: over 4 years ago - Stars: 22 - Forks: 3

open-source-modelling/Open_Source_Economic_Model
Open-source asset-liability model.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 84.8 MB - Last synced at: 2 months ago - Pushed at: 2 months ago - Stars: 20 - Forks: 10

spedygiorgio/mbbefd
Destruction rate modeling with the Maxwell Boltzmann Bose Einstein Fermi Dirac (MBBEFD) distribution
Language: R - Size: 4.25 MB - Last synced at: 21 days ago - Pushed at: 2 months ago - Stars: 16 - Forks: 7

ewfrees/LifeCon
This site contains lecture notes for Life Contingencies, also known as Actuarial Mathematics. It is part of the Open Actuarial Textbooks project.
Language: TeX - Size: 2.44 MB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: about 8 years ago - Stars: 15 - Forks: 3

casact/rp-bnn-claims
Individual Claims Forecasting with Bayesian Mixture Density Networks
Language: TeX - Size: 4.49 MB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: over 2 years ago - Stars: 14 - Forks: 3

open-source-modelling/Nelson_Siegel_Svansson_python
Popular way to model the yield curve called Nelson-Siegel-Svannson algorithm.
Language: Python - Size: 41 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 13 - Forks: 2

casact/covid_19_data
Data collection and exploratory analysis related to COVID-19 for general insurance actuaries and the public
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 2.41 MB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: over 4 years ago - Stars: 13 - Forks: 6

casact/raw_package
Data package for R actuarial workshops
Language: R - Size: 2.97 MB - Last synced at: 2 days ago - Pushed at: about 2 years ago - Stars: 12 - Forks: 3

terence-lim/actuarialmath
Solving Actuarial Math with Python
Language: Python - Size: 3.82 MB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 11 - Forks: 5

trikit/trikit
A Pythonic Approach to Actuarial Reserving
Language: Python - Size: 31 MB - Last synced at: 2 days ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 11 - Forks: 7

lewisfogden/heavylight
A lightweight actuarial modelling framework for Python
Language: Python - Size: 2.57 MB - Last synced at: 2 days ago - Pushed at: 11 days ago - Stars: 9 - Forks: 2

open-source-modelling/Smith_Wilson_python
Implementation of the Smith & Wilson algorithm for interpolation and/or extrapolation of missing interest rates in Python.
Language: Python - Size: 187 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: 8 months ago - Stars: 9 - Forks: 1

JoaquinAuza/DetLifeInsurance
Life Insurance Premium and Reserves Valuation
Language: R - Size: 464 KB - Last synced at: 20 days ago - Pushed at: almost 5 years ago - Stars: 9 - Forks: 7

casact/meta
Information about the CAS organizational account
Language: R - Size: 25.4 MB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 8 - Forks: 1

ewfrees/Loss-Data-Analytics-Ed1
Loss Data Analytics is an interactive, online, freely available text. It provides core training on one of the foundations of actuarial science, loss data modeling.
Language: JavaScript - Size: 126 MB - Last synced at: 5 days ago - Pushed at: about 3 years ago - Stars: 8 - Forks: 5

DeutscheAktuarvereinigung/Mortality_Modeling
Multi-Population Mortality Modeling With Neural Networks
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 2.26 MB - Last synced at: 5 days ago - Pushed at: almost 5 years ago - Stars: 8 - Forks: 3

validatehealth/desynpuf
Automatically Download the Data Entrepreneurs Synthetic Public Use Files from Medicare
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 841 KB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: almost 8 years ago - Stars: 8 - Forks: 2

kafisatz/DecisionTrees.jl
Julia Decision Tree Algorithms for Regression
Language: Julia - Size: 80.2 MB - Last synced at: about 2 months ago - Pushed at: 6 months ago - Stars: 7 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/insurance_matlab
All Matlab algorithms published by Open Source Modelling in one place.
Language: MATLAB - Size: 164 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 7 - Forks: 1

philipdarke/reproducible-actuarial-work
Reproducible data science techniques in actuarial work
Language: R - Size: 2.1 MB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: over 3 years ago - Stars: 7 - Forks: 4

anbarief/actuarydesk
Python package for actuary to model and analyze simple products or for actuarial students to practice.
Language: Python - Size: 4.9 MB - Last synced at: about 1 month ago - Pushed at: almost 5 years ago - Stars: 7 - Forks: 2

patrickm663/HMD.jl
Makes it easy to get data from Human Mortality Database (HMD) into Julia!
Language: Julia - Size: 3.68 MB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: 8 months ago - Stars: 6 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/Vasicek_one_factor_python
One factor Vasicek model in Python.
Language: Python - Size: 46.9 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 6 - Forks: 2

open-source-modelling/correlated_brownian_motion_matlab
n dimensional Brownian motion with an arbitrary mean and Variance Covariance matrix.
Language: MATLAB - Size: 15.6 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 3 years ago - Stars: 6 - Forks: 1

gompertzmakeham/hazardrates
Proactive methodological disclosure of a high resolution precision calibrated estimate of the Gompertz-Makeham Law of Mortality and general utilization hazard rates through lifespan interferometry against annual census data consolidated from the administrative data of all publicly funded healthcare provided in a single geopolitical jurisdiction.
Language: TSQL - Size: 535 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: about 5 years ago - Stars: 6 - Forks: 0

thfreud/actuarialcalculator
A simple mathematical software application for life insurance and annuities.
Language: Java - Size: 771 KB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: about 6 years ago - Stars: 6 - Forks: 0

robbie-sp/IndClaimDev
Individual Claim Development Model for General (P&C) Insurance Claims
Size: 4.88 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 8 years ago - Stars: 6 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/insurance_jupyter
All Jupyter Notebooks implemented by Open Source Modelling in one place.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 274 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 5 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/one_factor_Hull_White_python
Simple implementation of the one factor Hull-White model of short rates.
Language: Python - Size: 25.4 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 5 - Forks: 2

casact/reinspy
reinspy - a Python Reinsurance Package
Language: Python - Size: 46.9 KB - Last synced at: 20 days ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 5 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/insurance_javascript
All JavaScript algorithms published by OSM in one place.
Language: JavaScript - Size: 75.2 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: about 2 years ago - Stars: 5 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/stationary_bootstrap_python
Resampling procedure for weakly dependent stationary observations.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 132 KB - Last synced at: 6 months ago - Pushed at: 6 months ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/black_sholes_python
Black and Sholes model for simulating the stock market in Python.
Language: Python - Size: 48.8 KB - Last synced at: 9 months ago - Pushed at: 9 months ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 1

haissaoui/Actuator
"Actuator" is an open-source repository of tools and functions for actuaries to improve efficiency in pricing, reserving, modeling, and other tasks. It accepts contributions from users and aims to be a comprehensive resource.
Language: Python - Size: 24.4 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 2 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/Metropolis_Hastings_Black_Sholes_ESG
Bayesian maximum likelihood of a Black Sholes stochastic scenario generator.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 42 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 2 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/smith-wilson_javascript
Implementation of the Smith & Wilson algorithm for interpolation and/or extrapolation of missing interest rates in JavaScript.
Language: JavaScript - Size: 30.3 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 3 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/bootstrap_solidity
Simple smart contract for the bootstrap algorithm.
Language: Solidity - Size: 23.4 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 3 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 2

agarbiak/CS1
R code examples for IFoA's CS1 - Actuarial Statistics
Language: Shell - Size: 369 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: almost 5 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

agarbiak/CS2
R code examples for IFoA's CS2 - risk modelling and survival analysis
Language: Shell - Size: 642 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: almost 5 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

alec42/distributacalcul
Calculatrice de moments, mesures de risques, fonctions de densité et répartition, et plus pour plusieurs distributions continues, discrètes et composées. Un outil crée avec les étudiants en actuariat à l'Université Laval en tête.
Language: R - Size: 2.71 MB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: about 5 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 1

jb262/ActuarialMaths.NonLife
Class library for actuarial claims reserving and tariff rating for non-life insurances
Language: C# - Size: 134 KB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: about 5 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

jimbrig/lossrunAnalyzer 📦
R Package and Shiny App to Analyze Insurance Lossruns
Language: R - Size: 11.7 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 5 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

Haoen-Cui/SOA-Exam-PA-R-Package-Documentation
R Package Documentation for SOA Exam PA
Language: R - Size: 51.2 MB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 5 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

agi-lab/reserving-multivariate-evolutionary-glm
A multivariate evolutionary generalised linear model framework with adaptive estimation for claims reserving
Size: 15.6 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: about 6 years ago - Stars: 4 - Forks: 0

jkoestner/morai
Actuarial experience dashboard and predictor
Language: Python - Size: 91.5 MB - Last synced at: 9 days ago - Pushed at: 10 days ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/Light_Economic_Generator
Open-source stochastic economic scenario generator.
Language: HTML - Size: 488 KB - Last synced at: 11 months ago - Pushed at: 11 months ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/bisection_alpha_python
Simple bisection method that finds the optimal parameter α for the Smith & Wilson algorithm.
Language: Python - Size: 34.2 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/EIOPA_Smith_Wilson_test
Example of recalculation of the EIOPA RFR curve.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 1.23 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/Hull_White_stochastic_scenarios_checks_python
Demonstration of a test that checks if a stochastic scenario generator accurately covers the term structure.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 37 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/EIOPA_Monthly_rfr_check
Validation checks for EIOPA technical submissions written and documented in Jupyter notebooks.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 256 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 0

RatulMaharaj/predictable
A framework for actuarial modelling.
Language: Python - Size: 96.7 KB - Last synced at: 11 days ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/Black_Sholes_italiano_python
Modello di Black-Scholes per simulare il prezzo di un' tittolo.
Language: Python - Size: 7.81 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/bootstrap_stazionario_italiano_python
Un metodo di campionamento a blocchi per serie storiche debolmente dipendenti.
Language: Python - Size: 5.86 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/Hull_White_properties_python
Mathematical derivation for properties of the Hull White short rate model.
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 1.24 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: about 2 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/smith_wilson_matlab
Implementation of the Smith & Wilson algorithm for interpolation and/or extrapolation of missing interest rates in JavaScript.
Language: MATLAB - Size: 20.5 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: about 2 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/stationary_bootstrap_matlab
Resampling procedure for weakly dependent stationary observations.
Language: MATLAB - Size: 15.6 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 3 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

genedan/mango
A Python library based on the papers of Donald Mango
Language: Python - Size: 6.7 MB - Last synced at: 27 days ago - Pushed at: about 3 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/test_smith_wilson
Implementation of the Smith & Wilson algorithm for interpolation and/or extrapolation of missing interest rates in JavaScript.
Language: Vue - Size: 2.18 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 3 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

aaweaver-actuary/pyact
Actuarial functions, etc, for P&C (General Insurance) work
Language: Python - Size: 20.5 KB - Last synced at: over 2 years ago - Pushed at: about 5 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 0

Daniellinders/predictive-analytics-supplementary-notes
Supplementary notes to Daniel Linders's lectures on predictive analytics with insurance and actuarial science applications.
Language: TeX - Size: 494 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: about 5 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 1

jabran/IFRS17
Repository for all things IFRS17
Size: 1000 Bytes - Last synced at: over 2 years ago - Pushed at: over 5 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 0

casact/ef-yield-curve-generators
Language: Stan - Size: 26.4 KB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: over 5 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 2

kasaai/lapseml
Explainable Machine Learning Approaches for Shock Lapse Modeling
Language: R - Size: 989 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 6 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 2

bparvanov1/triangleStat
Generate IBNR data with R
Language: R - Size: 10.6 MB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 7 years ago - Stars: 3 - Forks: 2

aletss/actuaria_online
Size: 1.07 MB - Last synced at: 17 days ago - Pushed at: 17 days ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

declann/ActuarialPlayground.com
a visual and interactive actuarial cashflow model 📊
Language: JavaScript - Size: 2.61 MB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: 3 months ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

Actuarial-Notes/Actuarial-Ontology
An open source ontology for the domain of actuarial science.
Size: 28.3 KB - Last synced at: 3 months ago - Pushed at: 3 months ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/stationary_bootstrap_callibration_python
Automatic calibration of the stationary bootstrap algorithm.
Language: Python - Size: 21.5 KB - Last synced at: 7 months ago - Pushed at: 7 months ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/correlated_brownian_motion_python
Generate correlated Brownian motions in JavaScript.
Language: Python - Size: 38.1 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/assicurazione_python
Tutti gli algoritmi con documentazione italiana, scritti in Python, in un unico posto.
Language: Python - Size: 262 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

DanTCIM/ASOP_RAG
Actuarial Standards of Practice Q&A model using Retrieval Augmented Generation
Language: Jupyter Notebook - Size: 100 MB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 1 year ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/Vasicek_un_fattore_python_ita
Simula una serie temporale di tassi utilizzando il modello Vasicek a un fattore.
Language: Python - Size: 5.86 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

open-source-modelling/Nelson_Siegel_Svansson_python_ita
Algoritmo popolare per adattare una curva dei rendimenti a dati osservati.
Language: Python - Size: 4.88 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/dothan_one_factor_python
Python implementation of the Dothan short-rate model.
Language: Python - Size: 7.81 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/insurance_solidity
All Solidity algorithms published by OSM in one place.
Language: Solidity - Size: 82 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 2 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

open-source-modelling/two_factor_vasicek_python
Simple Two factor Vasicek model of inflation.
Language: Python - Size: 64.5 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: over 2 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 3

open-source-modelling/nelson_siegel_svansson_matlab
Popular way to model the yield curve called Nelson-Siegel-Svannson algorithm.
Language: MATLAB - Size: 31.3 KB - Last synced at: over 1 year ago - Pushed at: almost 3 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

casact/e-forum
Casualty actuarial society E-Forum
Size: 5.86 KB - Last synced at: 4 months ago - Pushed at: almost 3 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 2

casact/research-papers
This will house subprojects associated with research papers sponsored by the CAS
Size: 5.86 KB - Last synced at: about 2 months ago - Pushed at: over 5 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 1

mickeyshi-syd/actuarial-hackathon-2019
2019 Actuarial Hackathon
Size: 22.5 KB - Last synced at: 9 days ago - Pushed at: about 6 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

robbie-sp/open-actuarial-site Fork of open-actuarial/open-actuarial-site
Website for Open Actuarial
Size: 14.6 KB - Last synced at: 8 months ago - Pushed at: over 7 years ago - Stars: 2 - Forks: 0

KACEF/Stochastic-Process-NHSM
This repository is dedicated to engineering students at The national Higher School of Mathematics (NHSM) who are specialising in finance and economics for actuarial sciences. It contains R and Python code on various aspects of stochastic processes and their applications.
Language: R - Size: 23.4 KB - Last synced at: 9 months ago - Pushed at: 9 months ago - Stars: 1 - Forks: 0

Fgazzelloni/ACTEX_october2024
ACTEX Learning: Introduction to R and Basic Data Analysis
Language: R - Size: 2.83 MB - Last synced at: 7 days ago - Pushed at: 10 months ago - Stars: 1 - Forks: 3
